ARPA-H Launches SPECTRA to Transform Autism Diagnosis and Precision Care

WASHINGTON, D.C. — September 17, 2026 — The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), today launched the new Systems for Phenotypic Evaluation, Clinical Trajectories, Response, and Agency (SPECTRA) program, a major research effort to transform how autism is understood, diagnosed, and supported across the lifespan. SPECTRA will bring together biological, clinical, behavioral, and real-world data with advanced computational tools to enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis, identify factors that shape individual health and developmental trajectories, and develop more precise approaches to care tailored to each person's needs.

"Autism is not one-size-fits-all, and our science and care cannot be either," said HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. "Millions of American families are impacted by autism, and they need better answers about why it presents so differently from one person to another and which approaches can best meet each person's needs. SPECTRA will harness the best of American science and innovation to deliver those answers — and turn them into better outcomes for people with autism and their families."

One in 31 8-year-olds in the U.S. have been identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism encompasses widely varying needs and abilities, and it is often associated with sleep disorders, gastrointestinal problems, intellectual disability, and behavioral crises. Autistic people also have shorter lifespans on average and face higher risks of some neurological conditions, including dementia and Parkinson's disease. The economic impact is substantial: a widely cited analysis projected annual U.S. autism-related costs of about $461 billion by 2025, including medical care, support services, and lost productivity for individuals and families.

"Over the past decade, we have become much better at recognizing autism and the substantial differences among people across the spectrum. Yet our approaches to assessment and care have not kept pace, and they overlook the behavioral and biological complexity of each person," said SPECTRA Program Manager Russell Shilling, Ph.D. "SPECTRA is designed around that complexity. ARPA-H is modernizing autism assessment and care by combining advanced health technologies, next-generation computational tools, and the lived experience of the autism community to better understand each person's needs and develop technologies that can also improve day-to-day quality of life."

Evidence shows that early screening and care delivered in critical developmental windows can offer meaningful benefits for autistic children as they grow. Today, however, most autism assessments happen only after developmental differences emerge, and late diagnosis is common.

The current diagnosis model also relies on costly, time-intensive behavioral observation by trained professionals with limited availability in many areas of the country.

In close collaboration with key stakeholders and advocacy groups, SPECTRA seeks to move beyond one-size-fits-all management of ASD by securely integrating objective biological data — such as genetic factors, exposome and epigenetic features, microbiome biology, and other omics data. This innovative approach will create and utilize novel nonlinear computational models of ASD subtypes that more accurately reflect the complex condition. Using these data, researchers will then create an end-to-end system that can identify ASD risk factors, match individuals to appropriate interventions, and accelerate clinical research for new adaptive therapies.

ARPA-H is seeking bold, cross-disciplinary solutions across four focus areas:

• Analysis (tools to characterize the genetic, environmental, family, metabolic, immune, and developmental factors associated with distinct developmental, health, communication, and functional trajectories);
• Modeling (federated, privacy-preserving AI platforms that map these trajectories and identify modifiable outcome drivers and actionable targets);
• Precision Intervention (individualized selection and rigorous testing of interventions to improve outcomes across the lifespan); and
• Enabling Technologies (accessible tools for communication, quality of life, and embedded assessment that measure real-world function as a byproduct of ordinary use).

Learn more about SPECTRA on its program page, including information about the solicitation.