Content created by Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP)
The regulations we have to protect people in research came about after a series of events, links to an external website, opens in a new tab in the twentieth century in which doctors and scientists abused the trust that society placed in them.
Evolution of Events
1946
The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial, in 1946, was an international military tribunal that tried and convicted Nazi doctors who conducted horrific unethical experiments on concentration camp prisoners during the Holocaust. It resulted in the Nuremberg Code, opens in a new tab, a set of international ethical guidelines for conducting research with humans.
1966
There also were cases of unethical research in the United States. In 1966, Henry Beecher, a medical doctor and researcher, published a widely cited New England Journal of Medicine article (1966; vol. 274, p.1354-1360) detailing numerous examples of unethical experiments involving human subjects that were conducted at various U.S. institutions.
1972
In 1972, there was widespread media coverage of the Syphilis Study in Tuskegee, Alabama. Beginning in the 1930s and continuing for decades, U.S. government doctors studied the evolution of untreated syphilis in poor African American men. The doctors did not tell the men they had syphilis, prevented them from learning their diagnosis, and did not offer treatment, even after penicillin became available as a cure for syphilis.
1979
All of which resulted in the need for rules to protect research participants
As a result of the public outcry from publicized cases of unethical research, Congress passed a law requiring federal rules, opens in a new tab to protect people who participate in research. The rules rely on ethical principles that were laid out in the Belmont Report, opens in a new tab, which was written by an advisory committee created by Congress and published in 1979.