API HIV/AIDS RESOURCES FOR THE STATE OF HAWAII

National Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day

National Asian & Pacific Islander HIV/AIDS Awareness Day

Caribbean American HIV/AIDS Awareness Day

API HIV/AIDS RESOURCES FOR THE STATE OF HAWAII

Note: Suggestions or comments regarding this resource list, please contact Henry Ocampo, OMHRC, at 1-800-444-6472 ext. 282, or at hocampo@omhrc.gov.

CENSUS DATA

Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month May 2006
www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/006587.html

Asian & Pacific Islander in the U.S. March 2002
www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-540.pdf pdf logo

The Asian Population: Census 2000 Brief
www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf pdf logo

A Profile of the Nations Foreign Born Pop from Asia (2000 Update)
www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/cenbr01-3.pdf pdf logo

Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Population: 2000
www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-14.pdf pdf logo

API Owned Businesses 1997
www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-7.pdf pdf logo

From the Mideast to the Pacific: Profile of the Nation's Asian Born Population
www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/cenbr004.pdf pdf logo

Asian Pacific American Heritage Month 2004
www.census.gov/pubinfo/www/multimedia/Asian2004.html

Asian Pacific American Heritage Month 2003
www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2003/cb03-ff05.html

NATIONAL HIV/AIDS IN ASIAN AMERICAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDERS

HIV/AIDS Timeline - San Francisco AIDS Foundation
www.sfaf.org/aboutaids/

Systematic Review of HIV Behavioral Prevention Research in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.jsp?page=kb-07-04-10

API's and HIV Testing
APIAHF, San Francisco
www.apiahf.org/programs/hivcba/resources/publications/apiahf_hivtesting.pdf pdf logo

Asian & Pacific Islander Americans and HIV/AIDS
APIAHF, San Francisco
www.apiahf.org/programs/hivcba/resources/publications/apiahf_HIVFactSheet.pdf pdf logo

What are Asian and Pacific Islander HIV prevention needs?
www.apiahf.org/programs/hivcba/resources/publications/apiahf_HIVFactSheet.pdf pdf logo

What are Asian and Pacific Islander HIV prevention needs? (Tagalog version)
www.apiahf.org/programs/hivcba/resources/facts/tagalogfs.pdf pdf logo

HIV/STDs Knowledge, Behavior, and Risk Behaviors among Hmong- American Adolescents
www.siecus.org/pubs/shop/volume4/shpv40070.html

HRSA: Asian and HIV/AIDS factsheet
hab.hrsa.gov/programs/factsheets/asianfact.htm

HIV Insite: Profiling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in API Communities
hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kbr-07-04-10&doc=2098.46b7

HIV Insite: Systematic Review of Behavioral Prevention Research in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite.jsp?page=kb-07-04-10

Surgeon General: HIV and Asian Americans fact sheet
www.surgeongeneral.gov/aids/factsheets/asamericans.html

AIDS Action: Communities of Color and HIV - January 2002
www.aidsaction.org/legislation/pdf/PolicyFactsCommunitiesofColor.pdf pdf logo

Healthy People 2010 and APIs
www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/93/12/2093.pdf pdf logo

HIV and Immigrants
www.sfaf.org/policy/immigration/

HIV/AIDS IN HAWAII

AIDS Action – HIV/AIDS in Hawaii 2004
www.aidsaction.org/communications/publications/statefactsheets/pdfs/2004/hawaii_2004.pdf pdf logo

AIDS Action - HIV/AIDS in Hawaii 2003
www.aidsaction.org/communications/publications/statefactsheets/pdfs/hawaii_2003.pdf pdf logo

Hawaii State Department of Health STD/AIDS Prevention Branch – Data and Statistics
www.hawaii.gov/health/healthy-lifestyles/std-aids/data-statistics/index.html

State of Hawaii BRFSS
www.hawaii.gov/health/statistics/brfss/index.html

State of Hawaii BRFSS 2003
www.hawaii.gov/health/statistics/brfss/brfss2003/brfss03-pdf/brfss03demo.pdf pdf logo

State of Hawaii Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System 2002
www.hawaii.gov/health/statistics/brfss/brfss2002/brfss02-pdf/subareas02.pdf pdf logo

Highlights of the 2001 Hawaii Youth Risk Behavior Surveys
www.hawaii.gov/health/statistics/other-reports/yrbs2000-rpt.pdf pdf logo

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Hawaii by year
www.hawaii.gov/health/healthy-lifestyles/std-aids/aids_rep/index.html

Native Hawaiian Health Care Program
bphc.hrsa.gov/programs/hawaiian.htm

Health Disparities affecting Minorities – Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders
www.cdc.gov/omh/Brochures/PDFs/1PNHOPI.pdf pdf logo

HIV NEEDS ASSESSMENTS IN HAWAII

Note: Copies of these Needs Assessment can be acquired from the Hawaii Department of Health, STD/AIDS Branch. There are no PDF files of these Needs Assessments available.

A Needs Assessment Study of Asian and Pacific Island Gay and Bisexual Men and HIV Risk in Hawaii
Valli Kanua, Ph.D., University of Hawaii at Manoa, School of Social Work, Honolulu, HI, March 18, 1999.
A report to the HIV Prevention Community Planning Group, Hawaii Department of Health, STD/AIDS Branch.

A Needs Assessment for Women at Risk for HIV in Hawaii
Charles Mueller, Val Kalei Kanuha, Partician Glancey, Pam matsumoto, Kathleen Sullivan Social Welfare Evaluation and Research Unit, School of Social Work, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, July 20, 2001.

Needs Assessment for African Americans on Oahu at Risk for HIV/AIDS
Submitted to Department of Health - STD/AIDS Prevention Branch, February 20, 2004.

HIV Prevention Needs Assessment of the Latino Community - Maui, Hawaii
Submitted by Maui AIDS Foundation and Maui Economic, Inc. to State of Hawaii HIV Prevention Community Planning Group and Hawaii Department of Health, STD/AIDS Prevention Branch, Honolulu, HI, March 2001.

Primary Prevention Needs for People Living with HIV in Hawaii
Jayne Bopp, Richard Barton, Timothy Collins. Report submitted to the Hawaii State Department of Health STD/AIDS Prevention Branch. Life Foundation, Honolulu, HI, March 2002.

Needs Assessment for MSM-IDUs in Hawaii
D. Rodrigues, D.C. Des Jarlais, P.K Hirakawa, and S. Smetka, April 20, 2001. (A Powerpoint presentation.)

Native Hawaiians and HIV
Papa Ola Lokahi, Research Department, 894 Queen Street, Honolulu, HI 96813. Phone (808) 597-6550. Fax (808) 597-6552. April 2002.

HIV RESEARCH STUDIES IN HAWAII

A descriptive epidemiologic study of HIV-infected individuals in Hawaii: report of the Hawaii
Sero-Positivity and Medical Management database (HSPAMM). Hawaii Med J. 2002 Dec;61(12):275-9. Chow DC, Richmond-Crum SM, Shimizu SM, Kohatsu J, Souza SA, Grandinetti A, Urada KK, Shikuma C. Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii, Leahi Hospital, 3675 Kilauea Avenue, 5th Floor Young Building, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA.
This is a retrospective study of the HSPAMM database evaluating differences in clinical, laboratory, HIV-risk factors and demographic characteristics with respect to gender and ethnicity. There were no significant differences comparing gender, and Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians with respect to developing a CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3. HSPAMM contains information on a large number of HIV-infected Asians/Pacific Islanders.

Treatment adherence among Native Hawaiians living with HIV
Soc Work. 2004 Jan;49(1):55-63. Ka'opua LS, Mueller CW. Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96813, USA. Lkaopua@crch.hawaii.edu
Cultural competence is essential in helping people living with HIV cope with the biopsychosocial and spiritual challenges associated with this illness. Efforts to understand the relationship of cultural values and social support practices to health-related behavior have rarely been more critical than in the emerging issue of treatment adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a multidrug regime that potentially extends the longevity of those living with HIV but may be complex to manage. This article highlights findings from a study on health beliefs, perceived social support, and HAART adherence among Native Hawaiians, a group with historic difficulty in using Western health care services because of cultural conflict. Implications are suggested for social workers and other health care providers in the development of interventions that use cultural preferences to support HAART adherence.

Eo na Mahu o Hawaii: the extraordinary health needs of Hawaii's Mahu
Pac Health Dialog. 2001 Sep;8(2):327-34. Odo C, Hawelu A. Ke Ola Mamo, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA. codo@lava.net
An overview of health and social issues is presented here regarding Native Hawaiian transgenders. Perhaps due to relatively greater tolerance of gender diversity among Polynesian cultures, approximately 70% of all male-to-female transgenders in Hawaii are Native Hawaiian. However, the overall climate is one of discrimination and harassment such that transgenders--who tend to be under-educated, under-employed, and medically underserved--may be the most severely impacted of all Native Hawaiians. Lei Anuenue, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention program for Native Hawaiians, has provided a variety of services for transgenders, including outreach, educational workshops, support groups, HIV testing, and case management. All services are provided by peer leaders who are employed by the program. Data for this article are based on case management, including client self-disclosures and reports of peer staff who knew details of clients' lives having shared with them both generic experiences and specific activities. Information from 100 transgender clients and their case managers indicated that the transgender health profile is far more serious than that of mainstream Native Hawaiians. For example, 74% smoke, 31% use illegal drugs (excluding marijuana), more than 50% have been involved in street or domestic violence, and few individuals over age 50 have been found during three years of outreach. To some extent, employment options limit transgenders to prostitution, drug dealing, and minimum-wage jobs. In addition, a lifestyle of multiple sex partners and lack of opportunities for stable relationships place transgenders at much greater risk for HIV, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and other infectious and non-infectious diseases as compared to the mainstream Native Hawaiian community. Clients in this study were from O'ahu, primarily from downtown Honolulu, Chinatown, and Wai'anae. Future studies should compare the results of this sample to transgenders from the neighbor islands (especially in rural Hawaiian areas), as well as utilize a structured prospective longitudinal approach.

Treatment adherence to an antiretroviral regime: the lived experience of Native Hawaiians and kokua
Pac Health Dialog. 2001 Sep;8(2):290-8. Ka'opua L. Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96813, USA. Ikaopua@crch.hawaii.edu
Treatment adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is a critical issue in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care. HAART can extend the longevity of people living with HIV, but treatment efficacy relies on strict adherence that is difficult for many consumers to manage. Results presented in this article are based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with Native Hawaiian consumers (n = 6) who reported moderate to low levels of overall HAART adherence, and based on their kokua, or primary support. All interviews were recorded on audiotape, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Grounded Theory methods. Research questions that guided the inquiry, included: What are the challenges of Hawaiians who report moderate to low levels of HAART adherence? How does non-adherence occur? What is the role of the kokua (primary caregiver) and/or family members in treatment adherence? What types of support enhance adherence? The unpredictability of living with HIV was a major challenge to adherence. Symptom distress and active use of alcohol and other drugs interfered with the capacity to appropriately adhere. Two patterns of non-adherence were identified: interrupted regime and intermittent use. Tangible and emotional types of support, sometimes delivered in culture-specific ways, were viewed as helpful in maintaining compliance and in resuming the regime when difficulties arose. The findings complement extant research on HAART by providing an understanding of adherence as a lived experience among Native Hawaiians and their kokua.

The Ahalaya case-management program for HIV-infected American Indians, Alaska
Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res. 2000;9(2):36-52. Bouey PD, Druan BE. The National Native American AIDS Prevention Center, 436 14th Street, Suite 1020, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. Paulbouey@nnaapc.org
The Ahalaya case management model was designed to provide culturally sensitive services to HIV-positive American Indians (AI), Alaska Natives (AN), and Native Hawaiians (NH). This program started in 1991 and expanded across the country in 1994. The evaluation plan included a client satisfaction survey, along with focus groups and key informant interviews. Of the 389 active clients enrolled, 132 responded to the anonymous 35-item questionnaire. Responses were favorable regarding benefits of the programs. Self-reported quality of life changes after enrollment also were significantly improved (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: T=6.87, p=.000; n=131). Qualitative data highlighted other important issues. Social relationships-with staff, community, and family-were critical to client welfare, as a source of both strength and fear. While AI/AN/NH case management programs have been shown effective, services need to expand, and they have to facilitate resolutions to problems in clients social relationships.

Genotype and allele frequency of a 32-base pair deletion mutation in the CCR5 gene in various ethnic groups: absence of mutation among Asians and Pacific Islanders
Int J Infect Dis. 1999 Summer;3(4):186-91. Lu Y, Nerurkar VR, Dashwood WM, Woodward CL, Ablan S, Shikuma CM, Grandinetti A, Chang H, Nguyen HT, Wu Z, Yamamura Y, Boto WO, Merriwether A, Kurata T, Detels R, Yanagihara R.
Retrovirology Research Laboratory, Hawaii AIDS Research Consortium, and Native Hawaiian Health Research Program, Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA. ylu@pbrc.hawaii.edu
BACKGROUND: A 32-base pair (bp) deletion mutation in the beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 gene has been associated with resistance against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and disease. Large-scale studies conducted among Caucasians indicate that individuals who are homozygous for this deletion mutation (D32/D32) are protected against HIV-1 infection despite multiple high-risk exposures, whereas CCR5/ D32 heterozygotes have a slower progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). OBJECTIVE: To determine the genotype and allele frequencies of the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion mutation among ethnically diverse non-Caucasian populations. METHODS: DNA, extracted from blood collected between 1980 and 1997 from 1912 individuals belonging to various ethnic groups, including 363 Caucasians, 303 Puerto Rican Hispanics, 150 Africans, 606 Asians, and 490 Pacific Islanders, were analyzed for the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion mutation by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay, using an oligonucleotide primer pair designed to discriminate CCR5 alleles without restriction endonuclease analysis. RESULTS: The comparative frequency of CCR5/D32 heterozygosity was 61 of 363 (16. 8%) in Caucasians, 17 of 303 (5.6%) in Puerto Rican Hispanics, 9 of 490 (1.8%) in Pacific Islanders, 0 of 606 (0%) in Asians, and 0 of 150 (0%) in Africans. CONCLUSIONS: The data confirm the high frequency of CCR5/D32 heterozygosity among Caucasians. Intermediate and low-level D32 allele frequencies among Puerto Rican Hispanics and Hawaiians could be attributed to recent European Caucasian gene flow. By contrast, the inability to detect the D32 allele among Asians and other Pacific Islander groups suggests that other mechanisms are responsible for resistance to HIV-1 infection in these populations.

NATIVE HAWAIIAN HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES

HIV reports to protect identity
Starbulletin, Friday, August 31, 2001
starbulletin.com/2001/08/31/news/story9.html

Large database of Native Hawaiian Health Educational Resources
www.ldb.org/vl/geo/america/indi_hr.htm

Health promotion programs tailored to Hawaiian Natives
www.hawaii.gov/health/healthy-lifestyles/healthy_hawaii/opd-h234.htm

Best Practices: Diabetes and American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians
apha.confex.com/apha/132am/techprogram/session_13154.htm

The Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention has a 30-year history of broad-based, multidisciplinary and multifaceted research efforts aimed at understanding community dynamics and the social, psychological and cultural factors that contribute to social problems such as substance use, delinquency, dropout, intimate partner violence, HIV/AIDS, anger and anger management, school violence, avoidable injuries, car crashes and environmental and other social problems. The Center has been designated a Center of Excellence by the Colorado Commission on Higher Education and has been chosen as a Program of Research and Scholarly Excellence at Colorado State University for the past 10 years.
www.triethniccenter.colostate.edu/

Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U.S. in 2001 for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
www.cdc.gov/omh/Populations/NHOPI/NHOPI.htm

A website for Native Hawaiian medicine
www.tribalconnections.org/index.html

Title VI Programs for Native American, Native Alaskan & Native Hawaiian Elders
www.state.sd.us/social/ASA/Funding/Act/TitleVI.htm

Ka Lono Hanakahi
www.uhh.hawaii.edu/pdf/kalono/kalono-2001-10.pdf pdf logo

CDC FY 2002 and FY 2003 Implementation plans for the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI)
www.cdc.gov/omh/reports/PDFs/0203AAPIMain.pdf pdf logo

This site deals with cancer research in the native population
natamcancer.org/

ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDING HIV SERVICES BY ISLAND

Information compiled by the Hawaii AIDS Education and Training Center - AIDS Education Project, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry.
www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Resources_By_Island.htm

Note: Suggestions or comments regarding this resource list, please contact Henry Ocampo, OMHRC, at 1-800-444-6472 ext. 282, or at hocampo@omhrc.gov.

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